Eight-hour Berlin film focuses on Philippines revolution

ศาสตร์เกษตรดินปุ๋ย : ขอบคุณแหล่งข้อมูล : หนังสือพิมพ์ The Nation

http://www.nationmultimedia.com/aec/Eight-hour-Berlin-film-focuses-on-Philippines-revo-30279786.html

AEC NEWS  FRI, 19 FEB, 2016 12:09 AM

BERLIN – Filipino director Lav Diaz says movies should not be judged by their length, so he gave theBerlin Film Festival a historical drama about the Philippines that runs more than eight hours.

“Hele Sa Hiwagang Hapis” (A Lullaby to the Sorrowful Mystery) was shown in competition for the festival’s top Golden Bear prize in a screening that started at 9:30 a.m. and ended shortly before 7 p.m., with a one-hour lunch break.

The film is similar to the duration of some other past festival favourites like Hungarian director Bela Tarr, whose “Satantango” clocks in at about seven hours.

But at a post-screening news conference Diaz rejected being labelled as a creator of “slow cinema”.

“We’re labeled ’the slow cinema’ but it’s not slow cinema, it’s cinema,” he said.

“I don’t know why … every time we discourse on cinema we always focus on the length.

“It’s cinema, it’s just like poetry, just like music, just like painting where it’s free, whether it’s a small canvas orit’s a big canvas, it’s the same … So cinema shouldn’t be imposed on.”

Diaz’s movie is set in the late 19th century at the period of the Philippine revolution against Spanish rule and focuses onthe influence of Andres Bonifacio y de Castro, considered to be one of the main motivators of the uprising.

The film follows the lives of several groups of people, including Castro’s wife who is searching for his body on amountain that is inhabited by people from the spirit world.

It also follows the lives of several young men who get caught up in the revolution, including the poet Isagani (JohnLloyd Cruz), who is so overwhelmed by the bloodshed that he loses faith in his ability to write poems.

Producer Bianca Balbuena praised the Berlinale for allowing the film to be shown in competition for the main prize despite its length.

“The Berlinale gave us the freedom, they didn’t ask us to cut down the length of the film,” she said, adding: “Thank you, Berlin.”

The film is among 19 competing for the top Golden Bear prize to be awarded on Saturday.

– Reuters

Indonesia threatens to block Tumblr over `pornographic content”

ศาสตร์เกษตรดินปุ๋ย : ขอบคุณแหล่งข้อมูล : หนังสือพิมพ์ The Nation

http://www.nationmultimedia.com/aec/Indonesia-threatens-to-block-Tumblr-over-%60pornogra-30279648.html

AEC NEWS  THU, 18 FEB, 2016 6:44 PM

JAKARTA – Indonesians were up in arms online after the government threatened to block popular blog-hosting website Tumblr over pornographic images posted by some of its users.

“Internet service providers can’t block particular accounts so we have asked Tumblr to adjust its content in line with (Indonesian)regulations and values,” the Information Ministry said Thursday.

It said it would otherwise consider blocking access to the site in the Muslim-majority country, where downloading pornography is punishable by up to four years in prison under a 2008 law.

The ministry’s warning came as President Joko Widodo met chief executives of US tech giants in San Francisco as part of his push to make Indonesia a technology and e-commerce hub.

Tumblr does specifically tolerate explicit material, duly flagged, but it is also a leading mainstream image-sharing website, leading some to question the appropriateness of blocking it during the visit.

“Imagine you’re @jokowi in Silicon Valley and you have to explain to @jack and especially @marissamayer that Indonesia just blocked Tumblr,” tweeted user Gita Putri, referring to the president, Twitter’s chief executive Jack Dorsey and Yahoo chief Marissa Mayer. “Why busy banning tools like Vimeo and (almost) Tumblr and pushed all(social media) to adjust to us. Why not busy developing our people, Mr @Jokowi?” another Twitter user said.

Facebook chief executive Mark Zuckerberg posted a photo of him playing a zero gravity game with Joko after their meeting on Wednesday at the social network’s headquarters. Indonesia has blocked hundreds of websites for “negative content,” including popular video-sharing service Vimeo.com and social network platform Reddit.com.

– DPA

Indonesia is one of the world’s biggest markets for social media services such as Facebook and Twitter, with Jakarta being the most active Twitter city in the world in 2012.

Curling football goal goes viral in Malaysia

ศาสตร์เกษตรดินปุ๋ย : ขอบคุณแหล่งข้อมูล : หนังสือพิมพ์ The Nation

http://www.nationmultimedia.com/aec/Curling-football-goal-goes-viral-in-Malaysia-30279649.html

AEC NEWS  THU, 18 FEB, 2016 6:42 PM

KUALA LUMPUR – A swerving free kick goal in a Malaysian local football match has captured the Malaysian public’s attention, even earning an online shout out from the prime minister.

Penang’s Mohamad Faiz Subri took the free kick against Pahang state late Tuesday, sending the ball spinning towards the top left of the goal before it curled sharply to the right and bounced in off the other post, leaving the keeper visibly bemused.

A shakey video of the dramatic goal earned nearly a quarter million views on YouTube after it was posted by Globo Esporte.

Prime Mininister Najib Razak posted “Great goal free kick Faiz Subri” on Facebook from California, where he is attending the US-Asean Summit. “It’s beautiful,” he wrote alongside a post of the clip.

Some online commentators said the goal was a contender for a Puskas Award, introduced in 2009 by FIFA for the most aesthetically significant goal of the year.

– DPA

Mekong reels from drought, saltwater

ศาสตร์เกษตรดินปุ๋ย : ขอบคุณแหล่งข้อมูล : หนังสือพิมพ์ The Nation

http://www.nationmultimedia.com/aec/Mekong-reels-from-drought-saltwater-30279596.html

News Desk
Viet Nam News
AEC NEWS  THU, 18 FEB, 2016 2:44 PM

HCM CITY – Drought and saltwater intrusion have worsened in the Cuu Long (Mekong) Delta this year, threatening rice crops and the daily life of residents.

Le Thanh Hai, deputy director of the National Centre for Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting, said: “Saltwater intrusion [began in] November 2015, one and half months earlier than normal.”

The saltwater has reached 50-60km inland, and even 70-80km in some areas, compared to 30-40km in normal years, he said.

Ma Quang Trung, head of the central Plant Cultivation Department, said water levels in southern rivers are at their lowest levels in 90 years.

As a result, saltwater has reached places it had not for the last 90 years, he said.

The drought and saltwater intrusion started when farmers began sowing the winter-spring rice and would last long, meaning the damage is expected to be severe, he said.

More than 950,500ha of the delta’s 1.53 million hectares have been affected, according to the department.

Long An, Tien Giang, Ben Tre, TraVinh, Kien Giang, Hau Giang, Soc Trang, and Bac Lieu are the provinces hardest hit, with some of them seeing saltwater encroach on 20-30 per cent of rice-growing areas.

Nguyen Thien Phap, head of the Tien Giang Sub-department of Irrigation and Flood and Storm Prevention and Control, said 700ha of rice crops in Go Cong town and Go Cong Dong and Go Cong Tay districts have been lost due to water shortage, salinity and acid sulfate in soil.

Since January 5 authorities have had to draw water that is saline but with salt content of less than 1.5 grammes per litre from the Tien River to save 30,000ha of rice in the province’s eastern region, he said.

Rice can survive if the salt content in the water is less than 2gm per litre.

But the salt content in the Tien River at the Go Cong freshwater zone has reached 2-10gm, many times higher than a year ago.

If prevailing winds are strong and the river’s salt content increases in the coming days, water cannot be drawn for irrigation.

The province has 22,000ha of winter-spring rice sowed unusually late and requiring irrigation until the end of March.

But the local Department of Agriculture and Rural Development expects to close the Xuan Hoa sluice gate on March 5, meaning the crop is likely to face a water shortage, Phap said.

Nearly 7,000 households with 35,000 members in Tien Giang’s coastal areas lack freshwater for daily use, according to the province People’s Committee.

The committee has instructed related agencies to install 122 public taps to provide freshwater for free during this dry season.

It has also used 32 large pumps to pump water from the Tien River into the Xuan Hoa sluice.

The province has also used nearly 1,000 pumps to pump water from large canals into rice fields.

Le Van Huong, chairman of the province People’s Committee, on Monday ordered the agriculture department and authorities in districts to carry out various measures like transporting fresh water to houses to ensure there is water for household use and rice cultivation.

The administration plans to use barges to transport water from My Tho city to Chau Thanh District to supply households.

Kien Giang Province, the country’s largest rice producer, has suffered the highest rice losses (34,000ha) to drought and saltwater as of early this month.

Trung of the Plant Cultivation Department has told the Kien Giang administration to estimate the damage and seek financial support for farmers from the Government.

His department has instructed affected provinces to strengthen rice field embankments to keep water in and to draw water from rivers and canals to irrigate rice and other crops, he said.

It has also instructed rice farmers to switch to crash crops that require less water in areas without enough water.

Lee hopeful of TPP deal completion, but concerned about anti-trade rhetoric

ศาสตร์เกษตรดินปุ๋ย : ขอบคุณแหล่งข้อมูล : หนังสือพิมพ์ The Nation

http://www.nationmultimedia.com/aec/Lee-hopeful-of-TPP-deal-completion-but-concerned-a-30279585.html

Jeremy Au Yong
The Straits Times
AEC NEWS  THU, 18 FEB, 2016 1:59 PM

SUNNYLANDS, CALIFORNIA – Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong said he remains hopeful that a 12-nation free trade agreement known as the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) can be implemented this year, even as he voiced concern about the anti-trade rhetoric that has emerged from the US election campaign trail.

Speaking to the Singapore media in California on Tuesday (Feb 16) US time after the conclusion of the US-Asean Leaders Summit, Mr Lee said the rhetoric from the Republicans and Democrats battling in the nominating contests could make passage of the deal through Congress more difficult as it “reflects a certain mood on the ground which is not enthusiastic about trade”.

He said: “At the same time, it sours the mood on the ground, because by working up these sentiments, the candidates make it harder later, if in fact they want to sign it, to change their position… People would have been entrenched in their attitudes.

“So it is always a worry and it is not quite done but we hope very much that President Obama will be able to clear this and not leave it as unfinished business for his successor.”

The TPP – which includes Singapore and the United States – has been a source of much controversy in the US of late and nearly every candidate currently vying to replace President Barack Obama has opposed the deal. Those who have not explicitly condemned the deal have chosen to keep mum about it.

Many Americans believe the deal would lower wages and hurt jobs in the US. The antipathy was also evident outside the US-Asean summit where a cluster of anti-TPP protesters had gathered.

Mr Lee said he hoped that the strong positions taken on the campaign trail would be moderated once a new president is elected.

“I mean if you look at the history of it, on the campaign trail, often you have a candidate or many candidates who take strident positions against China but when they become president, all of them have to look at the problem seriously, reality sinks home and almost every president since Nixon has concluded that he has a stable, sound relationship with China. So we hope that will be the case for the TPP.”

The first ever summit of Asean leaders hosted by the US concluded with a group photo and a session on transnational challenges. The group also issued a joint statement outlining key principles that will guide Asean-US cooperation.

An anticipated strong statement from the US about China’s activities in the South China Sea did not materialise – or was made only behind closed doors – but four of the 10 principles in the joint statement made a reference to upholding international law and a rules-based international order.

Asked how China would perceive the special summit, Mr Lee said that while the South China Sea was discussed, the summit would not move the needle much on the situation.

“I do not see this as determining the situation in the South China Sea. Asean values its relationship in America and this is an opportunity for us to meet. Naturally we will talk about security issues like the South China Sea.

“But at the same time, we talk to the Chinese as well and we have meetings with the Chinese. We discuss issues which concern us. South China Sea and other issues as well,” he added.

3rd meeting of Suu Kyi and Myanmar military chief

ศาสตร์เกษตรดินปุ๋ย : ขอบคุณแหล่งข้อมูล : หนังสือพิมพ์ The Nation

http://www.nationmultimedia.com/aec/3rd-meeting-of-Suu-Kyi-and-Myanmar-military-chief-30279584.html

News Desk
Eleven Myanmar
AEC NEWS  THU, 18 FEB, 2016 1:54 PM

YANGON – Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Services Senior General Min Aung Hlaing announced on his Facebook page that he met Aung San Suu Kyi, the chairperson of the National League for Democracy, at his Bayintnaung villa in Nay Pyi Taw.

They apparently cordially discussed the rule of law and the peace process.

It is the third public meeting between the military strong man and Suu Kyi. The meeting took place as Myanmar is in the process of presidential candidate nomination.

The army’s commanders Lieutenant-Generals Mya Tun Oo and Ye Aung and the NLD’s Dr Zaw Myint Maung and Dr Tin Myo Win attended the meeting.

The army leader and Suu Kyi first met on December 2 where they apparently agreed to cooperate for the benefit of the country and to ensure peace, stability, the rule of law, unity and development.

On January 25 the talks reportedly focussed on the transfer of power, parliamentary affairs, the formation of the new government and building last October’s nationwide ceasefire agreement into a stable peace.

The NLD secured 886 seats in all parliaments: 255 in the Lower House, 135 in the Upper House, 475 in the regional and state parliaments and 21 ethnic seats.

The party can nominate a vice-president for each of the two houses and select one of them as president. The military will pick a third vice-president.

On March 17, MPs will hold meetings to select the vice-presidents, said Mahn Win Khaing Than, Speaker of the Union parliament.

President Thein Sein steps down on March 30.

Obama, Asean discuss South China Sea tensions, but no joint mention of China

ศาสตร์เกษตรดินปุ๋ย : ขอบคุณแหล่งข้อมูล : หนังสือพิมพ์ The Nation

http://www.nationmultimedia.com/aec/Obama-Asean-discuss-South-China-Sea-tensions-but-n-30279505.html

AEC NEWS  WED, 17 FEB, 2016 12:34 PM

RANCHO MIRAGE, CALIFORNIA – US President Barack Obama said on Tuesday he and leaders of Southeast Asian countries discussed the need to ease tensions in the South China Sea, and agreed that any territorial disputes there should be resolved peacefully and through legal means.

But a joint statement agreed on after a two-day summit with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations at the Sunnylands retreat in California did not include the specific mentions Washington had been seeking regarding China and its assertive pursuit of territory in the South China Sea.

Obama told a news conference that leaders at the meeting reaffirmed “our strong commitment to a regional order where international rules and norms and the rights of all nations, large and small, are upheld.”

“We discussed the need for tangible steps in the South China Sea to lower tensions including a halt to further reclamation, new construction and militarization of disputed areas,” Obama said. “WhenAsean speaks with a clear and unified voice, it can help advance security, opportunity and human dignity.”

After a first day discussing trade and economic issues with the 10 Asean states, US officials had been hoping to arrive at a common position on the South China Sea, where China and several Asean states have conflicting claims.

Not all Asean members agree, however, on how to handle the disputes, and some, such as current Aseanchair Laos and its neighbor Cambodia, have close economic ties to China.

Rather than turning a spotlight on China, the joint statement reiterated broad key principles of US-Asean cooperation, including “mutual respect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity, equality and political independence of all nations … and a shared commitment to peaceful resolution of disputes.”

It also reaffirmed “a shared commitment to maintain peace, security and stability in the region, ensuring maritime security and safety, including the rights of freedom of navigation and overflight.”

RIVAL CLAIMS

China claims most of the South China Sea, but Asean members Malaysia, the Philippines, Brunei and Vietnam have rival claims.

Fox News, citing civilian satellite imagery, reported on Tuesday that the Chinese military had deployed an advanced surface-to-air missile system to one of its contested islands in the South China Sea.

The United States has criticized China’s building of artificial islands and facilities in the sea and has sailed warships close to disputed territory to assert the right to freedom of navigation.

China accused Washington of seeking maritime hegemony through such patrols.

Obama said freedom of navigation “must be upheld, and lawful commerce should not be impeded,” and added the United States would “continue to fly, sail and operate wherever international law allows, and … support the right of all countries to do the same.”

He also said that Washington would continue to help allies and partner countries strengthen their maritime capabilities.

Obama said the two sides made progress on trade and investment and had agreed to launch a new effort to help all Asean nations meet the criteria of the Trans Pacific Partnership trade deal, of which four are so far members along with the United States.

At the news conference, Obama announced an initiative, dubbed US-Asean Connect, which he said would involve a network of hubs across the region to better coordinate economic engagement.

Indonesia plans tougher anti-terrorism laws after Jakarta attack

ศาสตร์เกษตรดินปุ๋ย : ขอบคุณแหล่งข้อมูล : หนังสือพิมพ์ The Nation

http://www.nationmultimedia.com/aec/Indonesia-plans-tougher-anti-terrorism-laws-after–30279506.html

AEC NEWS  WED, 17 FEB, 2016 12:24 PM

JAKARTA – Indonesia has drawn up plans for tougher anti-terrorism laws following last month’s militant attack on the capital, including detention without trial for upto three months compared with a week now, government sources told Reuters on Tuesday.

The proposals are likely to draw fire from human rights activists, who have warned against jeopardising hard-won freedoms over nearly two decades since the end of authoritarian president Suharto’s rule.

However, officials anticipate little opposition in parliament to the legislation, which would not be as strict as counter-terrorism laws passed in recent years by neighbours Australia and Malaysia.

President Joko Widodo’s government moved quickly to reform the country’s 2003 anti-terrorism law after Jan. 14, when four men attacked Jakarta’s business district with guns and explosives. Islamic State claimed responsibility for the assault, in which the militants and four others died.

Details of the overhaul have been kept confidential, but two government sources with direct knowledge of the draft law said it would broaden the definition of terrorism and make it easier to both arrest and detain suspects.

The sources declined to be named because the legislation, which could be passed within the next few months, is still under consideration by parliament, where Widodo enjoys strong cross-party support.

“The new definition of terrorism includes the possession, distribution and trade of any weapons … or potential material that can be used as weapons for terrorism acts,” said one.

EVIDENCE IN COURT

The maximum period allowed for detention without trial will be lifted to 90 days and for preventive detention to 120 days, both from a current limit of one week.

The law will also allow authorities to target anyone who recruits members for, or cooperates with a militant group, and to use electronic communications, intelligence reports and financial transactions as evidence in court against suspects.

Indonesians who have joined militant training or participated in terrorist acts in a foreign country will be stripped of their citizenship.

Security officials say about 500 Indonesians have travelled to Syria and Iraq to join the radical group Islamic State and they estimate that about one in five of these has returned, although most did not see frontline combat.

Over the past two months, Indonesian counter-terrorism forces have arrested dozens of men suspected of plotting attacks on government targets and major landmarks, and last week seven men were jailed for being sympathisers of Islamic State.

But police have long complained that even when they area ware of radical activities, they are unable to detain known militants unless they threaten or actually carry out an attack.

The new law will allow the arrest of people merely “if they assemble to discuss terrorist and radical acts”.

The International Commission of Jurists last month urged the government not to undermine the process of justice by making it easier for authorities to arrest people irrespective of whether there is sufficient evidence of criminal activity.

– REUTERS

Farming shrimp organically in Thailand

ศาสตร์เกษตรดินปุ๋ย : ขอบคุณแหล่งข้อมูล : หนังสือพิมพ์ The Nation

http://www.nationmultimedia.com/aec/Farming-shrimp-organically-in-Thailand-30279452.html

The Star,
Thomson Reuters Foundation
AEC NEWS  WED, 17 FEB, 2016 1:00 AM

SAMUT PRAKAN – Surakit Laeaddee walks along the narrow banks of earth dividing his organic shrimp and fishponds, rests under the shade of a tree he recently planted and points to the lush mangroves marking out his plot.

Too many trees invite birds that prey on his seafood stock. But planting just enough, on a fifth of his 10 hectares, cools the ponds and improves soil and water quality, boosting the health, reproduction and survival of his shrimp and fish.

“I hope the community will become more conscious about the importance of planting trees and looking after the ecosystem in order to raise seafood sustainably and prevent coastal erosion,” he said, looking toward the Gulf of Thailand, which has gnawed away at the shore, bringing the sea ever closer to his home in Laem Fa Pha, south of Bangkok.

Since the 1980s, a boom in shrimp farming has decimated mangroves around the world.

The trend has destroyed a key ecosystem for carbon storage, added to emissions of planet-warming carbon dioxide and exposed shorelines and communities to storm surges and erosion.

Now, growing consumer demand for organic and sustainable foods has spurred interest in shrimp farms like Surakit’s that may stem mangrove loss and encourage planting in areas long devoid of trees.

“A shift from intensive farming to more natural farming is more sustainable in the long run,” said Supranee Kampongsun of the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

“It gives marine species natural spawning grounds and improves the mangrove ecosystem. If individual farmers consider having trees on their land, it will contribute to a growth in overall coverage in the area.”

A 1961 survey along Thailand’s 3,100-kilometre coastline tallied 368,000ha of mangrove forests, which include more than 70 tree species – from typical mangroves hovering above water with buttressed roots to giant nipa palms.

Over half a century later, a third of that area has been lost, leaving 246,000ha, according to the Department of Marine and Coastal Resources. About 70,000ha are used for seafood farms, mostly shrimp.

Similar declines have been documented across Asia and Latin America. A 2012 UN-backed study found a fifth of mangroves worldwide had been lost since 1980, mostly for intensive shrimp farms that often become choked with waste, antibiotics and fertilisers.

In Thailand, the destruction of mangroves for shrimp levelled off about 10 years ago, but the government is struggling to restore the barren lands, said Somsak Piriyayota, director of the mangrove resource conservation office.

“The issue today is how do we change that land for shrimp back into mangroves,” Somsak said, noting some mangroves have been inhabited by communities for generations.

“The policy has allowed for them to live there, but the ecosystem is deteriorating. We have to solve this problem, yet we have to give them the right to a livelihood as well.”

A key challenge is sorting out real land ownership from profit-driven land grabbing.

“We have a government policy to reclaim forests, from investors, but not from poor people. With shrimp farmers, it’s generally investors,” Somsak said.

A new mixed land-use policy will allow communities in southern Nakhon Sri Thammarat province to use degraded mangroves for income, provided that half the area is maintained as mangroves or converted back to them, he said.

The Fisheries Department is encouraging more environment-friendly production systems to avoid disease and decrease pollution. That includes planting trees to act as a filtration system, using natural rather than artificial feed and steering clear of pesticides, fungicides and antibiotics.

With support from the conservation agency, farmers like Surakit are sharing best practices with their neighbours and across the country.

Surakit’s marine shrimp farm is among the first to be certified organic by the government. Fifteen farmers living nearby are on track to be certified this year, which would increase the organic shrimp farming area in the community tenfold to almost 100ha.

Organic yields are much lower, but each shrimp grows much larger. Surakit says he raises two to five shrimp per square metre, compared to 20-30 on intensive farms.

His organic shrimp sell at a higher price – up to US$27 (Bt962) per kilogram, compared to $14 for the largest shrimp from an intensive farm.

Input costs are also lower, and organic ponds have a longer lifespan than intensively farmed ponds, which often become so overrun by disease and pollution they are abandoned.

In Vietnam, more than 700 farmers are certified organic and selling to European markets.

“Mangroves are a supermarket for humans,” said Somsak, describing a food chain from leaves and parasites to crabs, fish and humans.

“The main producer is the trees, and everything else is in the chain of consumers. When humans cut the trees, it’s the end. The food chain is broken.”

Obama, Asean leaders eye China and trade at California summit

ศาสตร์เกษตรดินปุ๋ย : ขอบคุณแหล่งข้อมูล : หนังสือพิมพ์ The Nation

http://www.nationmultimedia.com/aec/Obama-Asean-leaders-eye-China-and-trade-at-Califor-30279428.html

AEC NEWS  TUE, 16 FEB, 2016 3:28 PM

RANCHO MIRAGE, CALIFORNIA – President Barack Obama gathered leaders from Southeast Asia on Monday to strengthen trade ties and form a common stance on the South China Sea in a summit the White House hopes will solidify US influence in the region.

Obama, who leaves office next year, has championed a foreign policy pivot to Asia during his presidency and is determined to present the United States as a Pacific power.

His meeting with leaders from the Asean was aimed at cementing that legacy.

“This reflects my personal commitment, and the national commitment of the United States, to a strong and enduring partnership with your 10 nations,” he said at the start of the two-day summit at Sunnylands, a California resort.

The meeting, at the same location where Obama once hosted Chinese President Xi Jinping, was designed to demonstrate Washington’s role as a counterweight to Beijing and as an eager-trading partner with Aseanmembers.

White House National Security Adviser Susan Rice told reporters U.S. companies had more than doubled investment in the region since 2008.

On Monday the leaders were slated to focus on economic issues, including discussion of the Trans-Pacific Partnership deal, which includes four ASEAN members: Vietnam, Singapore, Brunei and Malaysia. Others are interested in joining, and the White House wants to make sure the pact takes effect.

On Tuesday, the leaders will discuss maritime issues, particularly the South China Sea, where China and several Southeast Asian states have conflicting and overlapping claims.

White House officials have said Obama would deliver a tough message to China that disputes over the South China Sea must be resolved peacefully and not by bullying.

“Here at this summit, we can advance our shared vision of a regional order where international rules and norms, including freedom of navigation, are upheld and where disputes are resolved through peaceful, legal means,” Obama said.

The challenge may be to get all ASEAN countries to agree on a strong statement on the issue. Officials say China has putpressure on countries such as Cambodia and Laos not to sign on.

“I’m … confident that our shared commitment to upholding these norms will be reinforced,” Rice said.

China’s role in the region hung over the meeting. Rice said she expected China would support new international sanctions on North Korea for its recent rocket launches.

Advocacy group Human Rights Watch urged the Obama administration to object to human rights violations in countries such as Cambodia and Thailand during the summit. The president touched on the issue without specifics during his remarks.

“Here at the summit, we can reaffirm that strong, prosperous and inclusive societies require good governance, rule of law, accountable institutions, vibrant civil societies and upholding human rights,” he said.

Combating climate change and cooperating on counter-terrorism and the fight against Islamic State militants were also on the agenda.

Obama returns to Washington on Tuesday.

– Reuters