The researchers noted in a pre-print of the article that it was an “exotic scenario,” but that “Oumuamua may be a fully operational probe sent intentionally to Earth vicinity by an alien civilization.”

Oumuamua, the first interstellar object known to enter our solar system, accelerated faster away from the Sun than expected, hence the notion that some kind of artificial sail that runs on sunlight — known as a light sail — may have helped push it through space.

“Currently there is an unexplained phenomena, namely, the excess acceleration of Oumuamua, which we show may be explained by the force of radiation pressure from the sun,” co-author and Harvard astrophysicist Shmuel Bialy told AFP via email Tuesday.

“However this requires the body to have a very large surface and be very thin, which is not encountered in nature.”

Their suggestion of an alien force at work went viral.

But other astronomy experts aren’t buying it.

“Like most scientists, I would love there to be convincing evidence of alien life, but this isn’t it,” said Alan Fitzsimmons, an astrophysicist at Queens University, Belfast.

“It has already been shown that its observed characteristics are consistent with a comet-like body ejected from another star system,” he told AFP.

“And some of the arguments in this study are based on numbers with large uncertainties.”

‘Impossible to guess’

Katie Mack, a well-known astrophysicist at North Carolina State, also took issue with the alien hype.

“The thing you have to understand is: scientists are perfectly happy to publish an outlandish idea if it has even the tiniest sliver of a chance of not being wrong,” she wrote on Twitter.

“But until every other possibility has been exhausted dozen times over, even the authors probably don’t believe it.”

Asked if he believed the hypothesis he put forward, Bialy told AFP:

“I wouldn’t say I ‘believe’ it is sent by aliens, as I am a scientist, and not a believer, I rely on evidence to put forward possible physical explanation for observed phenomena.”

The other co-author, Avi Loeb, chairman of Harvard’s astronomy department, told NBC News humanity may never know more about the mysterious object, since it has traveled far away and isn’t heading back.

“It is impossible to guess the purpose behind Oumuamua without more data,” Loeb was quoted as saying.

Their paper was accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Letters, and will appear on November 12.

Oumuamua, Hawaiian for “messenger” or “scout,” was first viewed by telescopes in October 2017.

The alien rock is about 1,300 feet long (400 meters) long, and only about 130 feet wide.

With the theme of “Creating a Digital World for Mutual Trust and Collective Governance – Towards a Community with a Shared Future in Cyberspace”, this year’s event will host diversified activities and forums on various topics.

Let’s take a look at 10 topics to be discussed at the conference in Wuzhen.

1. FinTech and Construction of a Social Credit System

Fintech and the construction of a social credit system will be discussed at the fifth World Internet Conference. [Photo/chinadaily.com.cn]

2. Foresee the Future of Internet

The official forum for experts and entrepreneurs for world-leading internet scientific and technological achievements. [Photo/VCG]

3. Innovation and Breakthroughs in Industrial Internet

A robot arm operated by Huawei’s AI program plays Go at the launch event of the Huawei Mate 20 series in Shanghai on Oct 26, 2018. [Photo/IC]

4. International Cooperation along the Digital Silk Road

“International Cooperation along the Digital Silk Road” will be discussed at the fifth World Internet Conference. [Photo provided to chinadaily.com.cn]

5. The Internet of Things: Towards a Connected World

“The Internet of Things: Towards a Connected World” will be discussed at the fifth World Internet Conference. [Photo/VCG]

6. AI: New Opportunity for Integration and Development

A student tries Hyphen’s AI-enabled learning system at a brand-upgrading conference in Beijing. [Photo provided to China Daily]

7. Financial Capital and Internet Technology Innovation

“Financial Capital and Internet Technology Innovation” will be discussed at the fifth World Internet Conference in Wuzhen. [Photo/VCG]

8. Ministerial Forum: Bridging the Digital Divide

“Bridging the Digital Divide” will be discussed at the fifth World Internet Conference in Wuzhen. [Photo/VCG]

9. Business Leaders’ Dialogue: Digital Economy in the New Era

“Digital Economy in the New Era” will be discussed at the fifth World Internet Conference in Wuzhen. [Photo/VCG]

10. 5G Era: Opening and Cooperation for a Better Future

“5G Era: Opening and Cooperation for a Better Future” will be discussed at the fifth World Internet Conference in Wuzhen. [Photo/IC]

Facebook has committed to spending more on technological solutions to help the social media giant find and remove inappropriate or illegal content on its platform.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been playing a key role in helping Facebook take action on content in six areas: graphic violence, adult nudity and pornography, terrorist propaganda, hate speech, spam, and fake accounts.

Simon Harari, public policy manager for content, Facebook APAC, said Facebook uses a combination of technological means and reports from the user community to identify violating content on the platform.

“We are also investing heavily in AI to help proactively detect violating content, complementing the reports we receive from our community,” said Harari.

He said fake accounts and spam are mostly detected by AI technology, while hate speech is the most challenge area for using AI to detect because of the local context.

According to a Facebook Community Standards Enforcement Report from January to March 2018, the company said 583 million additional fake accounts were disabled, usually within minutes of registration – and 99 per cent of them before they were reported.

“We took down 837 million pieces of spam, 21 million pieces of adult nudity, and 3.5 million pieces of violent content, amounting to nearly 100 per cent, 96 per cent and 86 per cent, respectively, that we found and flagged before they could be reported,” said Harari.

He said the firm removed 2.5 million pieces of hate speech, some 38 per cent of which were flagged by technology and it took down 1.9 million pieces of terrorist propaganda, 99.5 per cent of these items identified by technology.

“The results showed that our AI systems are getting extremely good at identifying some types of violating content, such as fake accounts and nudity, but that areas like hate speech, which require more local context and understanding, still need human review. The next report will be published this November,” said Harari.

Hate speech is the most challenging problem for Facebook to handle with technology since it is very involved with local context.

“We do not allow hate speech on Facebook because it creates an environment of intimidation and exclusion and in some cases may promote real-world violence,” Harari said.

“We define hate speech as a direct attack on people based on what we call the protected characteristics of Facebook’s community standard for hate speech, including race, religion, national origin, gender identity, caste, sex, ethnicity, serious disability, and sexual orientation.”

Facebook’s content policy team is responsible for developing Facebook’s community standards. The team is based in offices around the world and is made up of subject matter experts on topics such as terrorism, hate speech, and child safety. The team also convenes the Content Standards Forum to discuss and pass policy recommendations.

“Facebook’s mission is to give people the power to build community and bring the world closer together. We know that people will only come to Facebook to do this if they feel safe when using our services, which is why our community standards are so crucial in helping us achieve our mission,” said Harari.

“Facebook has always had a public version of our community standards available to the community around the world. We want to be absolutely clear that harmful language, images, and videos have no place on Facebook.”

He said that earlier this year the company published a much more detailed version of the community standards for three main reasons. First, it was done so make it clear that Facebook “absolutely does not allow harmful content such as hate speech, bullying and extremist content on the platform”. Second, it is to show where Facebook draws the line on more nuanced and complex issues. And the last is to start a dialogue about Facebook’s community standards and encourage feedback.

“Our content policy team is responsible for developing our community standards. They are a diverse group made up of people from many different backgrounds, including former prosecutors, human rights lawyers and safety experts, and they are based in offices around the world,” said Harari.

“But they don’t develop our community standards in a vacuum. They seek out regular input from external experts, including NGOs, safety experts and academics, who we consult for every new policy recommendation.”

Facebook has published more details about the community standards and published a Community Standards Enforcement Report for the first time. These reports are reviewed by content reviewers who are located across the globe, working 24 hours over seven days to review content in over 50 languages, including Thai.

“We have double the number of people working around the world on safety and security issues at Facebook, reaching 20,000 by the end of this year. We are also working to enhance the work we do proactively, training our classifiers and using machine learning to automatically surface images and keywords for human review,” said Harari.

Alongside these detailed community standards, Facebook also this year expand the appeals channels by allowing the community to ask Facebook to take a second look at take-downs of individual posts, when there is some disagreement over the decision.

Channels for appeal

“We announced this year that we are expanding appeals giving people the opportunity for people to appeal against content decisions,” said Harari.

“People on Facebook will now be able to appeal content decisions. We have now launched appeals for content that was removed for nudity, sexual activity, hate speech, bullying and harassment and violence. To date, appeals were only available to people whose profiles, pages, or groups had been taken down.”

Facebook has also put more focus on harassment, bullying and suicide.

Clair Deevy, director of policy programmes for Facebook APAC, said that Facebook had updated its policies for bullying of private individuals and this would be treated as harassment when content was aimed at a public figure in Messenger.

“The violating messages will not be deleted, but we will let the sender know that they have violated our policies and will prevent them from sending messages for 24 hours as the victim will also receive a message letting them know that we took action against the perpetrator,” said Deevy.

She said that earlier this year the company expanded its policies to guard against the harassment of young public figures on Facebook.

“In the coming weeks, we will further expand our policies to better protect figures against harassment regardless of age,” said Deevy.

On the issue of suicide, Deevy said this tragedy affects people all over the world and that why’s Facebook is also focused on suicide prevention.  She said Facebook has been working with experts in suicide prevention for over 10 years to make sure that it offers the best possible support to the community. This includes meeting with experts around the world to discuss the best way to help people in crisis when they are using Facebook Live. Experts stress the importance of “not cutting off the stream too early, people viewing can reach out and people broadcasting can receive support”.

Deevy said Facebook is looking into pattern recognition to help accelerate reviews and prioritise potential suicidal reports faster.

This gave them to the ability to take over about 50 million Facebook user accounts.

The impact of this breach is a potential US$1.63 billion fine by the European Union under the latest privacy Act, subject to the Data Protection Commission (DPC) in Ireland determining the number of EU users impacted it.

Since the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has already taken effect, Facebook’s security breach is going to be a case study for many organisations and lawmakers around the world as the first online privacy lawsuit by the EU. It will be observed for precedents and policy decisions for future reference and best practice.

Privacy Acts are becoming a central theme all over the world. With the recent Facebook breach and the borderless nature of the digital world, any organisation that has websites or apps allowing a Facebook log-in will need to determine the potential risks of the Facebook breach to their customers and the strength of their own data and privacy policies.

In Southeast Asia, the combined population of Asean’s 10 member nations is 634 million with a combined GDP of US$2.55 trillion reported in 2016. It is the sixth-largest economy in the world with a total trade of US$3.7 trillion. Forecast annual growth at 5 per cent sets expectations of it becoming the fourth-largest economy by 2030. It also has the fastest growing population of Internet and mobile device users, with online spending expected to reach $200 billion by 2025. This growth makes it a prime target for hackers.

Thailand has a multi-year blueprint to develop digital capabilities in all sectors of the economy and is expected to pass a Data Protection Act this year once the draft bill is approved by the Cabinet and submitted to the National Legislative Assembly.

The law is aligned to the EU’s GDPR, which means that most organisations that have taken measures to comply with the GDPR that took effect on May 25 will be compliant or have no trouble being compliant with Thai Data Protection Act in securing Thai citizens’ data.

What if you were not required to comply with the EU’s GDPR? How should your organisation go about preparing for the upcoming Data Protection Act or even prepare for the potential repercussions of the Facebook breach?

A quick start is to find out if you know the answers to the following questions:

1. Where is your business operating today?

2. What data does your business collect?

3. Where does your data reside?

4. Where do your customers reside?

5. What are the data protection and privacy regulations in the countries of all the above?

6. What is your business roadmap in the next five years?

The questions above will help your organisation to determine your next steps:

1. Scope of data privacy assessment for your organisation – to determine your risk levels and existing controls;

2. Implement data classification and labelling, and;

3. Implement data protection and data classification solution

The above steps ensure that the key principles of the GDPR or any robust data protection and privacy programme are observed. Those principles are:

1. New Data Subject Rights – especially data portability

The GDPR gives every individual the right to access their personal data on request, request a rectification to inaccurate data and object to the processing of their data and more.

In this case, your company must have the ability to provide your customer with a copy of all the

personal data that you have regarding them; and the ability to transfer that data to another data controller or service provider at their request.

This can lead to more competition as preferred services will have the advantage of retaining the customer’s data. Thus, businesses need to rethink their business strategy from customer experience to service value, and change their approach toward compliance into a customer-centric one.

2. Maintaining records of processing activities

A full overview of the processing activities that take place within an organisation is required and also that these activities to be documented accordingly. The breadth and depth of this requirement demands a proactive and collaborative approach from within organisations. To be successful, business units need to be involved to design a process with clear roles and responsibilities, and a central register for the records. The added benefits as a result may be streamlined processes, better risk management and deeper business/operation insights.

3. Privacy by design and by default

Privacy by design mandates the consideration of privacy at the development process of any product or service. While privacy by defaults requires privacy to be a default setting allowing a customer to customise how much to share with others.

This requirement is a good practice for the purpose of ensuring the privacy of customers are always protected , which allows trust to be built up again between customers and businesses.

Parichart Jiravachara is partner and risk advisory at Deloitte Thailand.