ปีไร้ฤดูร้อน หรือ Year Without a Summer เกิดขึ้นหลังการระเบิดของภูเขาไฟตัมโบรา บนเกาะซุมบาวา ซึ่งเป็นหมู่เกาะอินเดียตะวันออกของเนเธอร์แลนด์ในขณะนั้น หรือประเทศอินโดนีเซียในปัจจุบัน
ในปีต่อมาเกิดปรากฏการณ์ที่เรียกว่าปีไร้ฤดูร้อน หรือ Year Without a Summer ซึ่งเป็นปีที่มีช่วงฤดูร้อนผิดจากปกติ โดยจอห์น ดี. โพสต์ นักประวัติศาสตร์เรียกช่วงเวลานี้ว่าเป็น “วิกฤตการณ์อันยากเข็ญครั้งยิ่งใหญ่ครั้งสุดท้ายในโลกตะวันตก”
ความล้มเหลวในการเพาะปลูกจากปีที่ปราศจากฤดูร้อนอาจเป็นปัจจัยหนึ่งที่กำหนดใจกลางอเมริกา หรือ American Heartland เมื่อประชาชนหลายพันคนโดยเฉพาะชาวนาอพยพออกจากนิวอิงแลนด์ไปทางตะวันตกของนิวยอร์กและดินแดนทางตะวันตกเฉียงเหนือ
การ์ลอส เมนโดซา ศาสตราจารย์ด้านเศรษฐศาสตร์ปิโตรเลียมจาก Central University of Venezuela ในกรุงการากัสเผยว่า “มีทั้งการคอร์รัปชันเก่าและใหม่ การจัดซื้อที่ผิดปกติและการทำผิดกฎหมายเกิดขึ้นมาตั้งแต่ทศวรรษ 1980”
China has unveiled a plan outlining major targets for transportation network development in the 14th Five-Year Plan period (2021-2025).
BEIJING, Jan. 18 — High-speed railways will stretch to a total length of 50,000 kilometres in 2025, up from 38,000 kilometres in 2020, and 250-km ones are expected to cover 95 percent of cities with populations above 500,000, per the document released by the State Council.
The country will have 165,000 kilometres of railways in 2025, up from 146,000 kilometres five years earlier; more than 270 civil airports, up from 241; 10,000 kilometres of subway lines in cities, up from 6,600 kilometres; 190,000 kilometres of expressways, up from 161,000 kilometres; and 18,500 kilometres of high-level inland waterways, up from 16,100 kilometres.
The transportation system will also be greener. Cities will see 72 percent of buses running on new energy, an improvement from 66.2 percent, and the carbon dioxide emission intensity of the transportation sector will be decreased by 5 percent.
The main goal is to achieve integrated development in 2025, with tangible breakthroughs in the intelligent and green transformation of the transportation system, according to the plan.
Looking to 2035, the plan aims to build “1-2-3 circles” for passenger trips and the transportation of goods.
That means travel time within cities and city clusters, and among metropolises will be cut to one hour, two hours and three hours, respectively. It will be possible for mail sent by express services to be delivered in as short a time as one day within China, two days when sent to neighbouring countries, and three days when sent to major cities globally.
Xinhua
In 2025, grain, energy and ore transportation safety in major channels will have a stronger guarantee, and international logistics supply chains will be better protected, according to the plan.
International connectivity will also be improved, the plan said, specifying efforts to enhance transportation infrastructure with neighbouring countries, push for the high-quality development of China-Europe freight train routes, and build an “Air Silk Road,” among others.
The test-and-mask moves show that the Biden administration “is trying to step up its coronavirus response as the highly infectious Omicron variant drives a spike in cases across the nation,” says The New York Times.
The Joe Biden administration will make 400 million N95 masks available for free at thousands of locations across the country, a White House official said on Wednesday, as health experts stress the importance of high-quality face coverings to protect against the Omicron variant of COVID-19.
The plan consists of working with pharmacies and community health centers to distribute the nonsurgical masks, which will come from the Strategic National Stockpile. The administration will begin shipments this week and hopes to have the program fully operational by early February.
Tom Inglesby, the administration’s COVID-19 testing coordinator, said in an interview that “we know that these masks provide better protection than cloth masks,” adding that the administration was “confident that people who want to access them will be able to access them.”
The screenshot taken from the website of covidtests.gov on Jan. 19, 2022 shows the pictures and description of the U.S. government
HOME TESTS
The Biden administration’s new website allowing people to order up to four free at-home coronavirus tests quietly went live on Tuesday, a day in advance of its formal launch, and demand already appeared to be significant.
A combined total of more than 1 million visitors were on the home page and the ordering page of covidtests.gov at one point Tuesday evening, more than 40 times as many as were on the government site with the next highest traffic, the U.S. Postal Service’s package-tracking page, according to official data.
The test-and-mask moves show that the Biden administration “is trying to step up its coronavirus response as the highly infectious Omicron variant drives a spike in cases across the nation,” reported The New York Times, noting that the administration at first resisted the idea of sending tests to Americans’ homes.
Airplanes are seen parked at the apron of John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York, the United States, Jan. 3, 2022. (Photo by Michael Nagle/Xinhua)
STRICTER TRAVEL ADVISORY
On Tuesday, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) moved a whopping 22 destinations into its highest-risk travel category for COVID-19. Adding to the impact, the CDC also moved 22 additional destinations to its Level 3 category, which is considered “high” risk for COVID-19.
By contrast, it moved only two nations to Level 4, or “very high” risk, last week. This week, among the nations moved to Level 4 were Argentina and Australia, which have maintained some of the strictest border controls during most of the pandemic. Level 2 and 1 respectively mean “COVID-19 Moderate” and “COVID-19 Low.”
The CDC advises travelers to avoid travel to Level 4 destinations, where more than 500 cases per 100,000 residents have been registered in the past 28 days. In its broader travel guidance, the CDC has recommended avoiding all international travel until fully vaccinated.
Families visit the Lincoln Memorial at the National Mall in Washington, D.C., the United States, Jan. 17, 2022. (Photo by Ting Shen/Xinhua)
PANDEMIC SURGE
The United States added over 1 million COVID-19 cases again on Tuesday, after setting a global record of over 1.36 million daily cases earlier this month, according to latest data from Johns Hopkins University.
A total of 1,060,747 new cases and 1,896 new deaths were reported across the country on Tuesday.
The country recorded as high as over 5.4 million COVID-19 cases in the week from Jan. 10 to 16, a record high weekly case count since the onset of the pandemic in the country, according to Johns Hopkins University data.
“Cynicism is a path to inaction. If we give in to it, we will be lulled into complacency, into the false belief that our actions do not matter and that we can only await the inevitable,” says Abdulla Shahid.
Abdulla Shahid, president of the 76th session of the UN General Assembly, on Wednesday stressed the need for hope and warned against cynicism.
“Throughout all our efforts, there is one constant that needs to be present: hope. Yes, the tasks before us are daunting. Yet cynicism offers us no solutions,” he told an informal meeting of the General Assembly on his priorities for the remaining eight months of his office.
Abdulla Shahid (at the podium and on the screens), president of the 76th session of the UN General Assembly, speaks at an informal meeting of the General Assembly on his priorities for the remaining eight months of his office at the UN headquarters in New York, on Jan. 19, 2022. (Eskinder Debebe/UN Photo/Handout via Xinhua)
“Cynicism is a path to inaction. If we give in to it, we will be lulled into complacency, into the false belief that our actions do not matter and that we can only await the inevitable,” he said. “Hope is what will strengthen our resolve. Hope is what will give us the courage of our convictions and inspire us to act. Hope is what will remind us of all that we have achieved and all that we can achieve if we work together.”
“That is the basic message I will continue to convey during my ‘Presidency of Hope.’ Through hope, we can make a lasting difference. We can overcome this pandemic, achieve universal vaccination, protect the planet, recover sustainably, promote human rights, and revitalize the United Nations. Through hope, we can lay the foundations for a better tomorrow and build on that vision. Through hope we can ensure that the 76th session of the General Assembly is a successful one,” he added.
Israel and the United States have completed a successful flight test of the Arrow-3 ballistic missile interceptor, the Israeli Ministry of Defense announced on Tuesday.
JERUSALEM, Jan. 18 (Xinhua) — At a test site in central Israel, the ballistic missile interceptor detected and destroyed a target in outer space, the ministry said in a statement.
The completion of the test was “an important milestone” for Israel to defend itself against existing and evolving threats in the region, said the statement.
Israeli Defense Minister Benny Gantz praised the test for “equipping the State of Israel with the capabilities to defend itself against developing threats,” adding the Arrow-3 system “provides Israel with the freedom to maneuver strategically.”
U.S. Missile Defense Agency (MDA) Director Jon Hill said in the statement that the test was designed to “challenge every element of the Arrow Weapon System, and it performed beautifully.”
Hill added the MDA remains committed to assisting Israel in upgrading its missile defense capability.
The Arrow-3 weapon system is part of Israel’s multi-layer defense system, which includes Iron Dome, a system aimed at intercepting short-range rockets from Gaza, David’s Sling, a medium to long-range missiles defense system, and the long-range Arrow-3.
In 2021, Israel said it was developing a new ballistic shield system, dubbed Arrow-4, jointly with the United States. ■